Ethiopia Known as Abyssinia until the 20th century, Ethiopia is the oldest independent nation in Africa. It was home to the power full Christian Kingdom of Axum in the first century’s AD, and became A Christian Empire in the 5th Century. Ethiopia has diverse populations, with more than 80 distinct Ethnic and linguistic groups, and more than 200 different dialects, has seen human habitation for longer than almost anywhere else in the world; perhaps modern Homo Sapiens evolved there, located in the Horn of Africa, and is bordered on the North and Northeast by Eritrea, on the East by Djibouti and Somalia, on the South by Kenya, On the west and southwest by Sudan.

Of the 80 or more languages spoken in Ethiopia, most belong to the Semitic and Cushitic branches of the Afro Asiatic family. The language of the Ethiopian church Liturgy, Geeze gave rise to the Semitic Cluster of Languages: Amharic, Tigrinya, Tigre, Gurage, Adere (Harari), Argoba. Amharic, the country’s official language, Africa’s only written language with its own unique script widely spoken throughout the country, by more than half of the populations. English, French, Italian and Arabic are also spoken by considerable number of people.

As a day’s journey the travelers may pass from tropical to almost Alpine Conditions of Climate, so great also is the range of the flora and fauna. In the valleys and lowlands the vegetation is dense, but the general appearance of the plateaus is of a comparatively bare country, With trees and bushes thinly scattered over it. The glens and ravines on the hillside are often thickly wooded, and offer a delightful contrast to the downs.

The climate of Ethiopia varies mainly according to elevation. The Tropical zone below approximately 1,800m (approximately 6,000ft) has and average annual temperature of about 27°C (about 80°F) and receives less than about 500mm (about 20 in) of rain annually. The sub Tropical Zone, which includes most of the highland plateau and is between about 1,800 and 2,400m (about 6,000 and 8,000 ft) in elevations has an average temperature of about 22° C (about 72°F) with an annual rainfall ranging from about 500 to 1,500 mm (about 20 to 60 in).

Above approximately 2,400m (approximately 8,000 ft) is a temperate zone with an average temperature about 16°C (about 61°F) and an annual rainfall between about 1,300 and 1,800 mm (about 50and 70in). The Principal rainy season occurs between mid-June and mid-September, followed by a dry season that may be interrupted in February or March by a short rainy season. At Addis Ababa (the capital city of Ethiopia ), which ranges from 2,200 to 2,600 m (7,000m to 10,000 ft) ,maximum temperature is 26°C (80° F)and the minimum 4°C (40°F).